CERCETĂRI ARHEOLOGICE ÎN PEŞTERA CAUCE (I)

(sat Cerişor, comuna Lelese, judeţul Hunedoara)

English Abstract: ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE CAUCE CAVE (I)

Autori: Sabin Adrian LUCA,Cristian ROMAN, Dragoş DIACONESCU, ISBN 973-590-995-2

Cu contribuţii de: Eugen ORLANDEA, Cosmin SUCIU şi Corneliu BELDIMAN.

Prelucrare Web: Cosmin Suciu; Powered by: Institutul pentru Cercetarea Patrimoniului Cultural Transilvanean în Context European (IPTCE)

I. ABSTRACT

The present volume, which is the first dedicated to the study of the Cerişor-Cauce cave aims at clarifying the problems connected with the Neolithic and Eneolithic habitation located here.

The first chapter of generalities refers to the geographic environment, resources, flora, fauna, types of soils, climate and the characteristics of the micro-zone. The impact of these factors upon the choice of habitation, in this case seasonal or virtual, is insisted upon.

The second chapter describes the main chronology of the study of the cave as well as the main sites in the cave and the surface of the eastern range of the Poiana Ruscă Mountains. This chapter also details the main stratigraphic features of the cave.

Chapter III describes the archaeological materials discovered during the systematic study of the cave.

Tools and weapons are described for all levels (Neolithic, Eneolithic and Bronze Age) and pottery only for levels I.

Chapter IV describes the chronological and cultural links of the five levels studied in detail in volume I (I – Starčevo-Criş, II – Turdaş, III – Petreşti, IV – Tiszapolgár and V – Bodrogkerestúr III).

Chapter V contains the Abstract and List of Illustrations, Annexes of geological expert analysis of the tools (A.1.-A.4.), Bibliographical abbreviations, list of bibliographical abbreviations, maps, plans, chart, figures and photographs.

List of Illustrations

MAPS

Map 1. The Eastern range of the Poiana Ruscă Mountains with the localization of the Cauce Cave (a). The cavity is situated at a distance of. 1,2 km from the village of Cerişor, at the 4 km from Govăjdie (b), at 14 km from the Western outskirt of the city of Hunedoara (c) and at 9 km from Curata and Spurcata Caves at Nandru (d) (distances are aerial). Scale 1: 310.000

Map 2. The geological and morphometric map of the Cauce area, with the presentation of the structural-geological divisions of this part of the Runcu Valley; symbolsare used to designate rocks that surround the cave (D = Dolomite, CD = Dolomite Limestone), morphometricallz the contours are prezented each with its own altimetric value. Source: the geological map of the Runcu Valley comes from the Teliucul Inferior Mines. Author: Puiu Petru.

Map. 3. Caves with archaeological sediments situated in the Eastern range of the Poiana Ruscă Mountains.

Map. 4. The presuumtive zone of origin of the silica rocks (jasper, opals) belonging to the Starčevo-Criş culture discovered at Cauce.

Map. 5. The presuumtive zone of origin of the silica rocks (jasper, opals) belonging to the Turdaş culture discovered at Cauce.

Map. 6. The presuumtive zone of origin of the silica rocks (jasper, opals) belonging to the Tiszapolgár culture discovered at Cauce.

Map. 7. The presuumtive zone of origin of the silica rocks (jasper, opals) belonging to the Wietemberg culture discovered at Cauce.

DIAGRAMS

Diagram 1. Cross-section of rocks used as raw material for flint tools.

PLANS

Plan 1. The topographic plan of the area of the Cauce Cave, the numbers represent the height of the various zones of the Karst system. Topography: B. Tomuş, R. Breban; Cartography: M. Băicoană.

Plan 2. The general plan of the Cauce Cave with the placement of the archaeological digs. The topography of the cave by M. Băicoană, R. Breban and I. Ioniţă. Scale 1:100.

Plan 3. The Northeast profile (longitudinal) of section SI / 1998-1999.

Plan 4. Cauce Cave. Longitudinal profile. Cartography: M. Băicoană. Scale 1:100.

Plan 5. Cauce Cave. Transversal profile. Cartography: M. Băicoană. Scale 1:100.

Plan 6. The rock shelter (abri) near the Cauce Cave (a) and the small and large shelters (b), transversal profile. Cartography: M. Băicoană. Scale 1:100.

Plan 7. Cauce cave. Burial site M1 / 1998.

Plan 8. The Lesser Cave of Cerişor a = General plan. Map drawn by:Tamaş Iosif . 1-5 = Pottery.

Plan 9. Cerişor no. 4 Cave of Crăciuneasa. a-b = the two existing plans. 1-12 = Pottery.

Plan 10. 1 a-c = Nandru no. 4, 2. = no.1 Cave on Dealul Sâmpetru (Hunedoara). 3 = no. 2 Cave on Dealul Sâmpetru.

Plan 11. Nandru Joncţiune Cave.

Plan 12. 1 = Govăjdia – The cave at the cross, 2 = Chergheş – Măgura Cave.

DRAWING LIST

Drawing I. Carved stone tools. 1-3 = The Starčevo-Criş Culture. 2, 4, 8 = The Turdaş Culture. 5-7, 9 = The Tiszapolgár Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Blade, silex (brownish grey). S₁/1998, square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

2. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 5, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

3. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

4. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 4, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

5. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 4, depth 0,95-1,10 m.

6. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 5, depth 0,80-0,95 m.

7. Point, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 6, depth 0,57-0,80 m.

8. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 4, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

9. Grattoir on blade, opal (?), (grey). Square 5, depth 0,80-0,95 m.

Drawing II. Carved stone tools. 3, 14 = The Starčevo-Criş Culture. 2, 6-7, 11-13, 15 = The Turdaş Culture. 1, 13 = The Petreşti Culture. 4, 8-9 = The Tiszapolgár Culture. 5, 10 = The Coţofeni Culture. 16 = The Wietenberg Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 5, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

2. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 4, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

3. Blade, (brown with black intrusions). Square 5, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

4. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 4, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

5. Grattoir, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 4, depth 0,40-0,50 m.

6. Blade, silex, retouched (brown with black intrusions). Square 5, depth 1,40-1,50m.

7. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 5, depth 1,40-1,50 m.

8. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 4, depth 0,60-0,70 m.

9. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 5, depth 0,80-0,95 m.

10. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 5, depth 0,40-0,50 m.

11. Blade, silex, retouched (brown with black intrusions). Square 5, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

12. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 4, depth 1,20-1,30 m.

13. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Depth 1,10-1,20 m.

14. Blade, silex, retouched (brown with black intrusions). Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

15. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 5, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

16. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 4, depth 0,20-0,30 m.

Drawing III. Carved stone tools. 9-10 = The Starčevo-Criş Culture. 1-3, 6, 12 = The Turdaş Culture. 4-5 = The Petreşti Culture. 13-14 = The Tiszapolgár Culture. 11 = The Coţofeni Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 4, depth 1,40-1,50 m.

2. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 5, depth 1,40- 1,50 m.

3. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 4, depth 1,40-1,50 m.

4. Blade, silex, retouched (brown with black intrusions). Square 5, depth 0,80-0,95 m.

5. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 5, depth 0,80-0,95 m.

6. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 4, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

7. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 4, depth 0,80-0,95 m.

8. Blade, silex, retouched on both sides (brown with black intrusions). Square 5, depth 0,80-0,95 m.

9. Blade, silex (brown). Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

10. Blade, silex (brown). Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

11. Splinter, silex, with traces of cortex (brown). Square 4, depth 0,50-0,60 m.

12. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 5, depth 1,20-1,30 m.

13. Blade, silex (dark grey with black intrusions). Square 5, depth 0,80-0,95 m.

14. Blade, silex, retouched (grey). Square 4, depth 0,60-0,70 m.

Drawing IV. Tools made of carved and polished stone. 1, 7-8, 12 = The Starčevo-Criş Culture. 5-6, 11, 13 = The Turdaş Culture. 3 = The Petreşti Culture. 2, 4, 9-10 = The Tiszapolgár Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 5,depth 1,50-1,60 m.

2. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 4, depth 0,95-1,10 m.

3. Grattoir on blade, silex. Square 5, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

4. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 6, depth 0,70-0,80 m.

5. Point, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 4, depth 1,40-1,50 m.

6. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 4, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

7. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 6, depth 1,50-1,70 m.

8. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 5, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

9. Grattoir on blade, silex (greenish-grey). Square 6, depth 0,70-0,80 m.

10. Blade, silex (greenish-grey, light retouches). Square 5, depth 0,95-1,10 m.

11. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 5, depth 1,20-1,30 m.

12. Blade, silex (polishing traces). Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

13. Blade, silex (grey). Square 5, depth 1,40-1,50 m.

Drawing V. 1 = The Turdaş Culture. 2 = The Wietenberg Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Polished axe with flat edge (brown). Square 6, depth 1,40-1,50 m.

2. Scraper, hard rock. Square 4, depth 0-0,20 m.

Drawing VI. Decorations made of shell (1-2). Silex tools (3, 6). Perforated stone axe. Bone and antler tools (4-5, 8-9). 4-5, 8 = The Starčevo-Criş Culture. 2 = The Coţofeni Culture. 1, 7, 9 = The Wietenberg Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Dentarium decoration. Square 5, depth 0,95-1,10 m. (M₁/1998).

2. Decoration (conus). Square 5, depth 0,40-0,50 m.

3. Blade, silex (grey). Square 5 (from the falling of the North-Eastern profile).

4. Fang with traces of processing. Square 5, depth 1,60-1,70 m.

5. Fang with traces of processing. Square 5, depth 1,60-1,70 m.

6. Blade, silex (grey). Square 5 (from the falling of the North-Eastern profile).

7. Perforated axe. Square 7, depth 0,20-0,30 m.

8. Bone spatula. Square 5 (from the cleaning of the collapsing level).

9. Perforated antler. Square 8, depth 0,10-0,20 m.

Drawing VII. Silex tools (3, 9-16). Bone tools (1). Amulets (6-8). Pendant (5). Clay ornament / decoration (4). Small altar fragment (2). 13-14, 16 = The Starčevo-Criş Culture. 1-2, 4-6, 9-11 = The Turdaş Culture. 3, 12, 15 = The Tiszapolgár Culture. 7-8 = The Coţofeni Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Bone spatula. Square 4, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

2. Altar leg, semifine pottery, light grey, cleansed with sand, leveled, good burning, pricks a little deep. Square 4, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

3. Blade, silex (brown). Square 5, depth 0,95-1,10 m.

4. Piece of bracelet, burned clay, fine pottery / structure, brown, cleansed with fine sand, polished, very good burning. Square 5, depth 1,40-1,50 m.

5. Piece of bone pendant with circular perforations. Square 5, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

6. Amulet (?), semifine structure, grey, cleansed with fine sand, leveled / smoothed, good burning. Square 5, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

7. Amulet made of animal fang. Square 5, depth 0,60-0,70 m.

8. Amulet made of animal fang. Square 5, depth 0,40-0,50 m.

9. Blade, silex (grey). Square 5, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

10. Blade, silex (grey). Square 4, depth 1,20-1,30 m.

11. Blade, silex (brown). Square 4, depth 1,40-1,50 m.

12. Blade, silex (brown). Square 5, depth 0,95-1,10 m.

13. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 6, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

14. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

15. Blade, silex (brown). Square 5, depth 0,95-1,10 m.

16. Blade, silex (brown with black intrusions). Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

Drawing VIII. Bone and antler tools. 1-2, 5 = The Starčevo-Criş Culture. 4, 6 = The Turdaş Culture. 3 = The Petreşti Culture. 7-8 = The Tiszapolgár Culture. 9 = The Coţofeni Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Spatula (?).Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

2. Piercer. Square 5, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

3. Piercer. Square 4, depth 0,95-1,10 m.

4. Piercer. Square 5, depth 1,40-1,50 m.

5. Piercer. Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

6. Piercer. Square 5, depth 1,40-1,50 m.

7. Piercer. Square 5, depth 0,95-1,10 m.

8. Piercer. Square 4, depth 0,95-1,10 m.

9. Piercer. Square 5, depth 0,40-0,50 m.

Drawing IX. Bone and antler tools. 2-3, 7 = The Turdaş Culture. 4 = The Petreşti Culture. 1, 5-6, 8 = The Tiszapolgár Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Piercer. Square 5, depth 0,70-0,80 m.

2. Piercer. Square 4, depth 1,40-1,50 m.

3. Piercer. Square 6, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

4. Piercer. Square 4, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

5. Piercer. Square 4, depth 0,70-0,80 m.

6. Piercer. Square 5, depth 0,60-0,70 m.

7. Piercer. Square 5, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

8. Piercer. Square 5, depth 0,60-0,70 m.

Drawing X. Bone and antler tools. 4-5 = The Turdaş Culture. 1-3 = The Tiszapolgár Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Bone piercer. Square 5, depth 0,60-0,70 m.

2. Antler piercer. Square 5, depth 0,95-1,10 m.

3. Piece of antler with traces of processing and piercing attempt. Square 4, depth 0,95-1,10 m.

4. Antler piercer. Square 5, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

5. Piercer. Square 6, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

Drawing XI. Bone and antler tools. 3 = The Starčevo-Criş Culture. 1 = The Turdaş Culture. 2 = The Wietenberg Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Antler piercer. Square 4, depth 1,40-1,50 m.

2. Piece of processed bone. Square 4, depth 0-0,20 m.

3. Antler piercer. Square 6, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

Drawing XII. Pottery. The Starčevo-Criş Culture. SI / 1998-1999. 10 = C₁/ 1998.

1. Piece of fine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed, good burning, decorated with fine oblique channelled ornaments. Square 5, depth 1,60-1,70 m.

2. Piece of semifine pottery, dark purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, polished, good burning, thin notches. Square 2 (from the falling of the North-Eastern profile);

3. Piece of semifine pottery, brown, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed, good burning, pinches. Square 5, depth 1,60-1,70 m.

4. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed, good burning, deep pinches. Square 5, depth 1,60-1,70 m.

5. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, polished, good burning, pinches. From the falling of the North-Eastern profile. Passimus;

6. Piece of semifine pottery, light brown, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed, good burning, deep pinches. Square 5, depth 1,60-1,70 m.

7. Piece of semifine pottery, light brown, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed inside, good burning, pinches. Square 8, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

8. Piece of semifine pottery, light brown, cleansed with chaff, sand and pebbles, smoothed, good burning, impressions. Square 4 (from the falling of the North-Eastern profile);

9. Piece of semifine pottery, light brown, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed, good burning, row of prominences. Square 5, depth 1,60-1,70 m.

10. Piece of fine pottery, red brown, cleansed with chaff and sand, polished, good burning. Depth 1,60-1,70 m.

11. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, polished, good burning. Square 5 (from the falling of the North-Eastern profile).

12. Piece of fine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, polished, good burning, Square 5 (from falling of the North-Eastern profile).

13. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, polished, good burning. Square 8, depth 1,60-1,70 m.

Drawing XIII. Pottery. The Starčevo-Criş Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Piece of fine pottery, brick-coloured, cleansed with fine sand and chaff, polished (fallen purple slip), good burning, cells and notches on the lip. Square 5, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

2. Piece of fine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, polished on the inside, good burning, pinches. Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

3. Piece of semifine pottery, greish-brown, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed, good burning, pinches. Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

4. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, polished and very good burning, cells. Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

5. Piece of semifine pottery, brown, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed, good burning. Square 6, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

6. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, polished inside, good burning, pinches. Square 5, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

7. Piece of usual / customary pottery , yellow-brown, cleansed with chaff, smoothed, good burning. Square 5, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

Drawing XIV. Pottery. The Starčevo-Criş Culture. SI / 1998-1999. 5 = C₂/ 1998.

1. Piece of semifine pottery, brown, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed, good burning. Square 5, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

2. Piece of semifine pottery, grey-brown, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed, good burning, celled gridle / belt. Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

3. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed, good burning, double prominences. Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

4. Piece of fine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, polished ,very good burning, pinches. Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

5. Piece of fine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, polished, good burning. Depth 1,40-1,50 m.

6. Piece of fine pottery, light purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed, good burning. Square 5, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

Drawing XV. Pottery 1-2, 4-9 = The Starčevo-Criş Culture. 3 = The Turdaş Culture. SI / 1998-1999. 4 = C₁/ 1998.

1. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed outside, polished on the inside, good burning, pinches. Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

2. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed, good burning, notches. Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

3. Piece of fine pottery, grey, cleansed with fine sand, polished, good burning, punctured incised strip. Square 4, depth 1,40-1,50 m.

4. Piece of fine pottery, purple cleansed with chaff and sand, polished, good burning. Depth 1,40-1,50 m.

5. Piece of fine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, polished, very good burning. Square 5, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

6. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed, good burning, impressions. Square 5, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

7. Piece of semifine pottery, brown, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed outside, polished inside, good burning. Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

8. Piece of semifine pottery, grey, cleansed with chaff and sand, polished inside, good burning. Square 6, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

9. Piece of semifine pottery, purple outside, black inside, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed, good burning, notches. Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

Drawing XVI. Pottery. The Starčevo-Criş Culture. SI / 1998-1999. 1, 4 = C₁/ 1998.

1. Piece of semifine pottery, purple outside, grey inside, cleansed with chaff and fine sand, polished, very good burning, circular perforation. Depth 1,30-1,40 m.

2. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed, good burning. Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

3. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed outside, polished inside, good burning. Square 5, depth 1,60-1,70 m.

4. Piece of fine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, polished, very good burning. Depth 1,20-1,30 m.

Drawing XVII. Pottery. The Starčevo-Criş Culture. SI / 1998-1999. 4 = C₂/ 1998.

1. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and fine sand, polished outside, smoothed inside, good burning. Square 6, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

2. Piece of fine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, polished, good burning. Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

3. Piece of semifine pottery, greish-brown, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed outside, polished inside, good burning, Square 5, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

4. Piece of fine pottery, grey, cleansed with chaff and silt, polished, very good burning. Depth 1,40-1,50 m.

5. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, polished, good burning. Square 5, depth 1,60-1,70 m.

Drawing XVIII. Pottery. The Starčevo-Criş Culture. SI / 1998-1999. 3-4 = C₁/ 1998.

1. Piece of customary / usual pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and pebbles, smoothed, good burning. Square 5, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

2. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, polished , good burning. Square 5, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

3. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, polished, good burning. Depth 1,50-1,60 m.

4. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed, good burning. Depth 1,40-1,50 m.

Drawing XIX. Pottery. 1-2, 5 = The Starčevo-Criş Culture. 3 = The Tiszapolgár Culture. 4 = The Turdaş Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed, good burning. Square 5, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

2. Piece of semifine pottery, grey, cleansed with sand, polished, good burning. Square 5, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

3. Piece of semifine pottery, grey-brown, cleansed with fine sand, chaff and mica, polished, very good burning. Square 4, depth 1,00-1,10 m.

4. Piece of semifine pottery, red-brown outside, grey inside, cleansed with sand, smoothed, good burning. Square 6, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

5. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with sand and chaff, smoothed, good burning. Square 5, depth 1,40-1,50 m.

Drawing XX. Pottery 1-2, 4-6 = The Turdaş Culture. 3 = The Tisa I Culture. 7 = The Petreşti Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Piece of fine pottery, grey with liftings, cleansed with fine sand, polished, very good burning, polished ornaments. Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

2. Piece of semifine pottery, light grey, cleansed with fine sand and chaff, very good smoothing (traces made with spatula), very good burning, indented button, incisions. Square 6.

3. Piece of fine pottery, gray-black, cleansed with sand, polished, very good burning, deep incisions. Square 4, depth 1,30-1,50 m.

4. Piece of semifine pottery, light brown, cleansed with sand (mealy aspect) smoothed, good burning, incisions. Square 4, depth 0,95-1,10 m.

5. Piece of semifine pottery, light grey, cleansed with fine sand and chaff, very good smoothing, polished inside, very good burning, incisions. Square 5, depth 1,40-1,50 m.

6. Piece of fine pottery, brown, cleansed with sand (mealy aspect) polished, very good burning, incisions. Square 4, depth 1,30-1,50 m.

7. Piece of fine pottery, yellow, cleansed with sand and silt (mealy aspect), polished, very good burning, painted in black. Square 5, depth 0,60-0,70 m.

Drawing XXI. Pottery. The Turdaş Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Piece of fine pottery, black, cleansed with fine sand, polished, very good burning. Square 5, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

2. Piece of fine pottery, yellow, cleansed with fine sand, polished (slip) very good burning. Square 5, depth 1,20-1,30 m.

3. Piece of fine pottery, brick-coloured, cleansed with fine sand, smoothed, good burning. Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

Drawing XXII. Pottery. 1, 3 = The Turdaş Culture. 2, 4 = The Petreşti Culture. SI / 1998-1999. 2 = C₂/ 1998

1. Piece of fine pottery, brown, cleansed with chaff and fine sand, polished outside, good burning. Square 6, depth 1,40-1,50 m.

2. Piece of semifine pottery, light grey, cleansed with sand and chaff, polished (fallen slip) good burning. Depth 0,80-1,00 m.

3. Piece of semifine pottery, yellow, cleansed with sand and pebbles, smoothed, good burning. Square 5, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

4. Piece of semifine pottery, yellow, cleansed with sand, smoothed, good burning. Square 5, depth 1,20-1,30 m.

Drawing XXIII. Pottery. 1-2 = The Turdaş Culture. 3 = The Petreşti Culture. C₂/ 1998.

1. Piece of fine pottery, light brown, cleansed with sand and mica, polished, very good burning. Depth 1,30-1,50 m.

2. Piece of fine pottery, blacktoped, cleansed with sand and pebbles, polished (reddish slip)

very good burning. Depth 1-1,20 m.

3. Piece of customary pottery, yellow, cleansed with sand and pebbles, smoothed, good burning, prominent buttons. Depth 0,80-1,00 m.

Drawing XXIV. Pottery. 1-2, 4-5 = The Turdaş Culture. 3 = The Tiszapolgár Culture. 6 = The Starčevo-Criş Culture. SI / 1998-1999. 1, 3, 5 = C₂/ 1998.

1. Piece of semifine pottery, light brown outside, greish-black inside, cleansed with sand, polished, good burning, punctured incised strip. Depth 1,30-1,50 m.

2. Piece of semifine pottery, brick-coloured, cleansed with sand and chaff, polished inside, smoothed outside, good burning, surface incisions. From the falling of the North-Eastern profile;

3. Piece of fine pottery, yellow-grey, cleansed with sand, polished, very good burning. Depth 1,30-1,50 m.

4. Piece of semifine pottery, brick-coloured, cleansed with sand, smoothed, good burning, rows of incisions. From the falling of the North-Eastern profile;

5. Piece of fine pottery, grey-brown, cleansed with sand, polished, very good burning. Depth 1,30-1,50 m.

6. Piece of fine pottery, purple, cleansed with sand and chaff, polished, good burning. Square 5, depth 1,60-1,70 m.

Drawing XXV. Pottery. 2-3 = The Turdaş Culture. 1 = The Tiszapolgár Culture. SI / 1998-1999. 1 = C₂/ 1998.

1. Piece of semifine pottery, grey, cleansed with sand and chaff, smoothed, good burning. Depth 0,80-1,00 m.

2. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with sand and chaff, polished, good burning. Square 5, depth 1,20-1,30 m.

3. Piece of customary pottery, grey, cleansed with sand with big granules, smoothed, good burning. Square 4, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

Drawing XXVI. Pottery. 1, 3-4 = The Turdaş Culture. 2 = The Tisa I Culture. SI / 1998-1999. 4 = C₂/ 1998.

1. Piece of fine pottery, brown with liftings, cleansed with fine sand and chaff, polished, good burning. Square 3 (from the falling of teh North-Eastern profile);

2. Piece of fine pottery, light grey, cleansed with fine sand and chaff, very good smoothing (traces made with spatula), very good burning, notched button, incisions, painted in red and black. Square 2 (from the falling of the North-Eastern profile);

3. Piece of semifine pottery, light grey, cleansed with sand and mica, smoothed, good burning. Square 3 (from the falling of the North-Eastern profile);

4. Piece of customary pottery, grey-black, cleansed with sand and pebbles, smoothed, good burning, fine oblique channels. Depth 1,30-1,50 m.

Drawing XXVII. Pottery. 1, 3 = The Turdaş Culture. 2 = The Petreşti Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Piece of fine pottery, yellow-grey, cleansed with fine sand, polished (fallen slip) very good burning, painted in red (?).Square 4, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

2. Piece of fine pottery, brick-coloured, cleansed with fine sand and chaff, smoothed, good burning. Square 4, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

3. Piece of fine pottery, brown, cleansed with fine sand and hashed chaff, polished, very good burning. Square 4, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

Drawing XXVIII. Pottery. 2-3 = The Turdaş Culture. 1 = The Starčevo-Criş Culture 4 = The Tiszapolgár Culture. SI / 1998-1999. 2 = C₂/ 1998.

1. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed outside, polished inside, good burning. Square 6, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

2. Piece of semifine pottery, brick-coloured with liftings, cleansed with sand, smoothed, good burning. Depth 0,95-1,10 m.

3. Piece of semifine pottery, brown-brick-coloured, cleansed with sand and pebbles, smoothed, good burning, incised ornament. Square 6, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

4. Piece of fine pottery, brick-coloured, cleansed with fine sand, polished (fallen slip) good burning, incised ornament. Square 5, depth 0,50-0,60 m.

Drawing XXIX. Pottery 1, 3 = The Turdaş Culture. 2 = The Petreşti Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Piece of ordinary pottery, brick-coloured grey, cleansed with sand with big granules, smoothed, good burning, quadrilateral shape, painted in red. Square 5, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

2. Piece of fine pottery, light grey, cleansed with fine sand and chaff, polished, good burning. Square 4, depth 1,40-1,50 m.

3. Piece of semifine pottery, brick-coloured, cleansed with sand and chaff, smoothed, good burning. Square 5, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

Drawing XXX. Pottery. 1-3 = The Turdaş Culture. 4 = The Starčevo-Criş Culture. SI / 1998-1999. 2 = C₁/ 1998. 1 = C₂/ 1998.

1. Piece of fine pottery, black, cleansed with fine sand, polished, very good burning, fine channelled ornaments. Depth 1,10-1,20 m.

2. Piece of fine pottery, blacktoped, cleansed with fine sand, polished, slip, very good burning. Depth 1,10-1,20 m.

3. Piece of fine pottery, yellow, cleansed with fine sand and mica, polished (fallen slip), good burning. Square 5, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

4. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed, good burning. Square 6, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

Drawing XXXI. Pottery. The Turdaş Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Piece of fine pottery, reddish-brown, cleansed with fine sand, polished, very good burning, painted in black. Square 5, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

2. Piece of fine pottery, brown, cleansed with fine sand, polished, good burning, painted in red. Square 4, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

3. Piece of fine pottery, brick-coloured, cleansed with fine sand, polished, very good burning, painted in black. Square 5, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

4. Piece of fine pottery, brown, cleansed with fine sand, polished, very good burning, painted in black. Square 4, depth 1,40-1,50 m.

Drawing XXXII. Pottery. The Turdaş Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Piece of fine pottery, light brown, cleansed with fine sand, polished, very good burning, painted in black. Square 5, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

2. Piece of fine pottery, brick-coloured, cleansed with sand, (mealy aspect), polished, good burning, painted in black. Square 5, depth 1,30-1,40.

Drawing XXXIII. Pottery. The Turdaş Culture. SI / 1998-1999. 2 = C₂/ 1998.

1. Piece of fine pottery, reddish-brown, cleansed with fine sand, polished, very good burning, painted in black. Square 5, depth 1,20-1,30 m.

2. Piece of fine pottery, brown-grey, cleansed with fine sand, polished, very good burning, two buttons, painted in black. Depth 1,30-1,40 m.

3. Piece of fine pottery, brown, cleansed with fine sand, polished, very good burning, perforated under the lip, painted in black (fallen). Square 5, depth 1,20-1,30 m.

Drawing XXXIV. Pottery. 1-3 = The Turdaş Culture. 4 = The Petreşti Culture. SI / 1998-1999. 4 = C₂/ 1998.

1. Piece of semifine pottery, brick-coloured, cleansed with sand, polished, good burning, painted in black. Square 5, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

2. Piece of fine pottery, brown, cleansed with fine sand, polished, very good burning, painted in black. Square 5, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

3. Pot, semifine structure, brown, cleansed with fine sand, polished, good burning, painted in black (fallen bitumen). Square 5, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

4. Piece of fine pottery, yellow, cleansed with sand and silt, polished, good burning, painted in black. Depth 0,80-1,00 m.

Drawing XXXV. Pottery. The Precucuteni Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Piece of semifine pottery, black on the inside, yellow on the outside, cleansed with chaff and pounded chips, polished, very good burning, inlaid with white. Square 4-5, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

Drawing XXXVI. Pottery. 1, 3 = The Petreşti Culture. 2 = The Starčevo-Criş Culture. SI / 1998-1999. 1 = C₁/ 1998. 3 = C₂/ 1998.

1. Piece of semifine pottery, reddish-yellow, cleansed with fine sand and pebbles, smoothed, good burning. Depth 0,60-0,80 m.

2. Piece of fine pottery, reddish-brick-coloured, cleansed with chaff and sand, polished, good burning. Square 4, depth 0,90-1,25 m.

3. Piece of semifine pottery, black, cleansed with chaff and sand, polished, very good burning. Depth 0,60-0,80 m.

Drawing XXXVII. Pottery. The Petreşti Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Piece of customary pottery, grey, cleansed with sand, leveled / smoothed, good burning, double buttons. Square 5, depth 1,20-1,30 m.

2. Piece of semifine pottery, greish-brown, cleansed with sand and chaff, leveled, good burning, double prominences. Square 5, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

Drawing XXXVIII. Pottery. 1-2 = The Turdaş Culture. 3 = The Tiszapolgár Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Piece of fine pottery, brick-coloured, cleansed with sand and chaff hashed into small pieces, polished, good burning, double perforated prominence. Square 5, depth 1,40-1,50 m.

2. Piece of fine pottery, yellow-grey, cleansed with sand, polished, very good burning. Square 4, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

3. Piece of fine pottery, grey, cleansed with fine sand and mica, polished, very good burning. Square 5, depth 0,50-0,60 m.

Drawing XXXIX. Pottery. The Tiszapolgár Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Piece of fine pottery, brick-coloured, cleansed with fine sand, grey slip, polished, good burning. Square 6, depth 0,60-0,70 m.

2. Piece of semifine pottery, grey, cleansed with sand, chaff and pebbles, fallen slip, good burning. Square 5, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

3. Piece of fine pottery, light grey (with liftings), cleansed with fine sand, polished, good burning. Square 4, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

Drawing XL. Pottery. The Tiszapolgár Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Piece of fine pottery, black, cleansed with fine sand, polished, very good burning. Square 6, depth 0,90-1,25 m.

2. Piece of fine pottery, light grey, cleansed with fine sand and chaff, polished, very good burning, perforated. Square 6, depth 1,20-1,30 m.

3. Piece of semifine pottery, yellow-grey, cleansed with sand, leveled, good burning. Square 5, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

Drawing XLI. Pottery. 2 = The Tiszapolgár Culture. 1, 3 = The Turdaş Culture. 5 = The Petreşti Culture. 4 = The Starčevo-Criş Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Piece of fine pottery, brick-coloured, cleansed with fine sand, polished, good burning, painted in red (?). Square 6, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

2. Piece of fine pottery, brick-coloured, cleansed with chaff and sand, smoothed (traces made with spatula), good burning. Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

3. Piece of semifine pottery, grey, cleansed with fine sand and chaff, smoothed, good burning. Square 4, depth 1,25 m.

4. Piece of semifine pottery, purple, cleansed with chaff and sand, polished, good burning. Square 6, depth 1,40-1,50 m.

5. Piece of semifine pottery, yellow, cleansed with sand and chaff, smoothed, good burning. Square 4, depth 0,75-0,80 m.

Drawing XLII. Pottery. The Tiszapolgár Culture. SI / 1998-1999. 2 = C₂/ 1998.

1. Piece of fine pottery, brown, cleansed with fine sand, polished, very good burning. Square 3 (from the falling of the North-Eastern profile);

2. Piece of fine pottery, grey, cleansed with sand and mica, polished, very good burning. Depth 0,60-0,80 m.

3. Piece of fine pottery, brown, cleansed with fine sand, polished, very good burning, perforated buttons. Square 8, depth 1,20-1,30 m.

4. Piece of semifine pottery, brown, cleansed with sand, polished, good burning, oblique crest. Square 3 (from the falling of the North-Eastern profile);

5. Piece of semifine pottery, light grey, cleansed with sand and pebbles, smoothed, good burning. Square 3 (from the falling of the North-Eastern profile);

6. Piece of semifine pottery, light grey, cleansed with sand, smoothed, very good burning. Square 3 (from the falling of the North-Eastern profile);

Drawing XLIII. Pottery. The Tiszapolgár Culture. SI / 1998-1999. 3 = C₂/ 1998.

1. Piece of semifine pottery, brick-coloured, cleansed with fine sand (mealy aspect), smoothed, good burning. Square 4, depth 1,10-1,20 m.

2. Piece of semifine pottery, brick-coloured, cleansed with sand and pebbles, smoothed, good burning, perforated buttons. Square 4, depth 0,70-0,80 m.

3. Piece of fine pottery, light grey, cleansed with fine sand, polished, very good burning, lippenrand. Depth 0,80-0,90 m.

Drawing XLIV. Pottery. The Tiszapolgár Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Piece of semifine pottery, grey with liftings, cleansed with fine sand and pebbles, polished on the outside, smoothed on the inside, good burning, pricks under the lip. Square 4, depth 0,80-0,95 m.

2. Piece of fine pottery, grey, cleansed with fine sand, polished, good burning, lippenrand. Square 5, depth 0,95-1,10 m.

3. Piece of fine pottery, grey, cleansed with fine sand, polished, very good burning (greish-black core). Square 6, depth 0,70-0,80 m.

4. Piece of fine pottery, greish-brown with liftings, cleansed with fine sand, polished, good burning. Square 2, depth 0,80-0,95 m.

5. Piece of fine pottery, light grey, cleansed with fine sand, polished, very good burning, lippenrand. Square 6, depth 0,70-0,80 m.

Drawing XLV. Pottery. The Tiszapolgár Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Piece of fine pottery, brown, cleansed with fine sand and chaff, polished, good burning (grey core), circular lines. Square 4, depth 0,80-0,95 m.

2. Piece of semifine pottery, grey, cleansed with sand and pebbles, smoothed, good burning. Square 4, depth 0,70-0,80 m.

3. Piece of fine pottery, yellow, cleansed with fine sand and silt (mealy aspect), smoothed, good burning. Square 5, depth 1,50 - 1,60 m.

4. Piece of semifine pottery, grey, cleansed with sand, smoothed, good burning. Square 4, depth 0,70-0,80 m.

Drawing XLVI. Pottery. The Tiszapolgár Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Piece of fine pottery, grey, cleansed with fine sand, polished, good burning. Square 4, depth 0,95-1,10 m.

2. Piece of semifine pottery, reddish brown, cleansed with sand and chaff, smoothed, good burning. Square 6, depth 0,50-0,60 m.

3. Piece of fine pottery, light grey, cleansed with fine sand, polished, very good burning. Square 4, depth 1,30-1,40 m.

4. Piece of semifine pottery, brick-coloured, cleansed with sand and pebbles, smoothed (with traces of light grey slip), good burning. Square 5, depth 0,80-0,95 m.

Drawing XLVII. Pottery. The Tiszapolgár Culture. SI / 1998-1999. 4 = C₂/ 1998.

1. Piece of fine pottery, yellow, cleansed with fine sand and chaff, polished, good burning. Square 4, depth 0,70-0,80 m.

2. Piece of fine pottery, brick-coloured, cleansed with fine sand, polished, very good burning. Square 4, depth 0,80-0,95 m.

3. Piece of fine pottery, yellow, cleansed with fine sand and chaff, smoothed, good burning. Square 4, depth 0,70-0,80 m.

4. Piece of semifine pottery, grey, cleansed with sand and pebbles, polished, good burning. Depth 0,80-1,00 m.

5. Piece of fine pottery, yellow, cleansed with fine sand, smoothed, good burning, vertical crest. Square 6, depth 0,70-0,80 m.

Drawing XLVIII. Pottery. The Tiszapolgár Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Piece of fine pottery, light grey, cleansed with fine sand and chaff, polished (fallen slip), very good burning. Square 5, depth 1,20-1,30 m.

2. Piece of fine pottery, light grey, cleansed with fine sand, polished, very good burning. Square 4, depth 0,80-0,90 m.

3. Piece of fine pottery, grey, cleansed with fine sand, very good burning, painted in black. Square 4, depth 1,20-1,30 m.

4. Piece of fine pottery, brick-coloured, cleansed with sand, smoothed, good burning. Square 6, depth 0,95-1,10 m.

Drawing XLIX. Pottery. The Tiszapolgár Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Piece of customary pottery, brick-coloured brown, cleansed with sand and pebbles, smoothed, good burning. Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

2. Piece of semifine pottery, grey, cleansed with sand and chaff, smoothed, good burning, flattened buttons. Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

3. Piece of semifine pottery, yellow, cleansed with sand and pebbles, smoothed, good burning. Square 6, depth 0,60-0,70 m.

Drawing L. Pottery. The Tiszapolgár Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Piece of customary pottery, grey, cleansed with sand and pebbles, smoothed, good burning. Square 6, depth 0,70-0,80 m.

2. Piece of fine pottery, light yellow, cleansed with fine sand, polished, very good burning, pricks under the lip. Square 5, depth 0,95-1,10 m.

3. Piece of semifine pottery, brick-coloured brown, cleansed with sand and pebbles, polished, very good burning, pricks under the lip. Square 6, depth 0,60-0,70 m.

Drawing LI. Pottery. 3 = The Tiszapolgár Culture. 1-2 = The Sălcuţa IV–Cheile Turzii–Pecica-Şanţu Mare–Herculane II-III–Huniadyhálom culture. 4 = The Turdaş Culture. SI / 1998-1999. 4 = C₁/ 1998.

1. Piece of semifine pottery, grey, cleansed with sand, smoothed, good burning. Square 3 (from the falling of the North-Eastern profile).

2. Piece of semifine pottery, light brown, cleansed with sand and pebbles, polished on the outside, smoothed on the inside, good burning, Square 7, depth 0,70-0,80 m.

3. Piece of semifine pottery, greish-red, cleansed with sand, smoothed, good burning, pierced buttons. Square 8, depth 1,20-1,30 m.

4. Piece of semifine pottery, greish-brown, cleansed with sand, polished, good burning. Depth 1,30-1,50 m.

Drawing LII. Pottery. 1-4 = The Sălcuţa IV–Cheile Turzii–Pecica-Şanţu Mare–Herculane II-III–Huniadyhálom culture. 5 = The Turdaş Culture. SI / 1998-1999. 4 = C₂/ 1998.

1. Piece of semifine pottery, grey, cleansed with sand, smoothed, good burning, short cuttings on the lip,. Square 4, depth 0,70-0,80 m.

2. Piece of customary pottery, brown, cleansed with sand with big granules, smoothed, good burning, incisions under the lip. Square 6, depth 0,50-0,60 m.

3. Piece of semifine pottery, grey on the outside, black on the inside, cleansed with sand and chaff, good burning. Square 6, depth 0,70-0,80 m.

4. Piece of semifine pottery, reddish-grey, cleansed with sand, surface polishing, good burning. Depth 0,70-0,80 m.

5. Piece of customary pottery, greish-brown, cleansed with sand and pebbles, surface polishing, relatively good burning. Square 4, depth 1,50-1,60 m.

Drawing LIII. Pottery. 2-3 = The Sălcuţa IV–Cheile Turzii–Pecica-Şanţu Mare–Herculane II-III–Huniadyhálom culture. 1 = The Turdaş Culture. SI / 1998-1999.

1. Piece of fine pottery, reddish-grey, cleansed with fine sand, chaff and mica, polished (fallen slip), very good burning. Square 5, depth 1,20-1,30 m.

2. Piece of customary pottery, brown, cleansed with sand with big granules and chaff, smoothed, good burning, alveolar lip. Square 6, depth 0,80-0,95 m.

3. Piece of customary pottery, brick-coloured, cleansed with sand and chaff, surface polishing, good burning, cuttings on the lip. Square 6, depth 0,70-0,80 m.

Drawing LIV. Pottery. The Sălcuţa IV–Cheile Turzii–Pecica-Şanţu Mare–Herculane II-III–Huniadyhálom culture. SI / 1998-1999. 4 = C₂/ 1998.

1. Piece of semifine pottery, grey, cleansed with sand and mica, polished, very good burning. Square 4, depth 0,95-1,10 m.

2. Piece of customary pottery, brick-coloured, cleansed with sand and chaff, smoothed (traces made with spatula), good burning, alveolar lip and ears. Square 4, depth 0,95-1,10 m.

3. Piece of fine pottery, cleansed with fine sand, polished (grey slip) very good burning. Square 4, depth 1,20-1,30 m.

4. Piece of semifine pottery, brown with liftings, cleansed with fine sand and chaff, polished, good burning. Depth 0,70-0,80 m.

Drawing LV. Pottery. 1-3 = Cinciş-Popeasca N. 4-8 = Josani.

Drawing LVI. Pottery. Hăşdat.

Drawing LVII. Pottery. Peştişu Mic.